European Monetary Union and the Euro free essay sample

This essay examines the European economic and monetary Union (EMU) and the euro with reference to a number of financial aspects. (more)

List of the Largest Cities in India

List of the Largest Cities in India India is one of the largest countries in the world, with a population of 1,210,854,977  as of the  countrys 2011 census, which predicts that the population will rise to higher than 1.5 billion in 50 years. The country is formally called the Republic of India, and it occupies most of the Indian subcontinent in the southern portion of Asia. It is second in total population only to China. India is the worlds largest democracy and is one of the worlds fastest-growing countries. The country has a fertility rate of 2.46; for context, a replacement fertility rate (no net change in a countrys population) is 2.1. Its growth is attributed to  urbanization and increasing levels of literacy, though it  is, however, still considered a developing nation.   India covers an area of 1,269,219 square miles (3,287,263 sq km) and  is divided into 28 different states and seven union territories. Some of the capitals of these states and territories are the largest cities in both India and the world. The following is a list of the top 20 largest metropolitan areas in India, as of the countrys 2011 census.   India's Largest Metropolitan Areas 1) Mumbai: 18,414,288State: Maharashtra2) Delhi: 16,314,838Union Territory: Delhi 3) Kolkata: 14,112,536State: West Bengal 4) Chennai: 8,696,010State: Tamil Nadu 5) Bangalore: 8,499,399State: Karnataka6) Hyderabad: 7,749,334State: Andhra Pradesh7) Ahmedabad: 6,352,254State: Gujarat8) Pune: 5,049,968State: Maharashtra9) Surat: 4,585,367State: Gujarat 10) Jaipur: 3,046,163State: Rajasthan11) Kanpur: 2,920,067State: Uttar Pradesh12) Lucknow: 2,901,474State: Uttar Pradesh13) Nagpur: 2,497,777State: Maharashtra 14) Indore: 2,167,447State: Madhya Pradesh15) Patna: 2,046,652State: Bihar 16) Bhopal: 1,883,381State: Madhya Pradesh 17) Thane: 1,841,488State: Maharashtra 18) Vadodara:  1,817,191State: Gujarat 19) Visakhapatnam:  1,728,128State: Andhra Pradesh 20) Pimpri-Chinchwad: 1,727,692 State: Maharashtra India's Largest Cities Proper When city population does not include the outlying metropolitan area, the ranking is slightly different, though the top 20 are still the top 20, no matter how you slice it.  But its useful to know if the figure youre searching for is the city itself or the city plus its suburbs and which figure is represented in the source you find.   1) Mumbai:  12,442,373 2) Delhi:  11,034,555 3) Bangalore:  8,443,675 4) Hyderabad:  6,731,790 5) Ahmedabad:  5,577,940 6) Chennai:  4,646,732 7) Kolkata:  4,496,694 8) Surat:  4,467,797 9) Pune:  3,124,458 10) Jaipur:  3,046,163 11) Lucknow:  2,817,105 12) Kanpur:  2,765,348 13) Nagpur:  2,405,665 14) Indore:  1,964,086 15) Thane:  1,841,488 16) Bhopal:  1,798,218 17) Visakhapatnam:  1,728,128 18) Pimpri-Chinchwad:  1,727,692 19) Patna:  1,684,222 20) Vadodara:  1,670,806 2015 Estimates The CIA World Factbook lists more current estimates (2015) for the five largest metropolitan areas:  New Delhi  (capital), 25.703 million; Mumbai, 21.043 million; Kolkata, 11.766 million; Bangalore, 10.087 million; Chennai, 9.62 million; and Hyderabad, 8.944 million.

THE POLITICAL EVENTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES THAT INFLUENCED GABRIEL GARCIA Essay

THE POLITICAL EVENTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES THAT INFLUENCED GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ IN THE LEAF STORM - Essay Example Colombia is a South American country that is influenced strongly by Spanish rule and is the site of several international trade for countries like USA, France and Britain for over four centuries now(Henderson 2). Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a Colombian writer who has written books that reflect the economic and social realities of his coutry. This paper examines the book, Leaf Storm which presents the vivid facts about an imaginary town, Macondo located in Colombia. It looks at the political events and factors that acted as foundation for Marquez to write the book and its implications in relations to that era of Colombian history. Leaf Storm is a narrative about the thoughts and views of three generations of a family; a grandfather (Colonel), a daughter and a grandson. Each of them give their views and opinions about a conflict involving the Colonel’s family and the people of Macondo who have an extreme hatred for a dead man who was the guest of the house for many years. The deceased, who happened o be a doctor, was seen by the townsfolk as cruel because he refused to treat members of the town who were wounded in the country’s civil war though he was qualified to. The people of Macondo therefore thought that the deceased did not deserve a normal Christian burial. On the other hand, the Colonel had made a vow to the deceased to perform his burial, since he had no known family members. In honor of his promise, the colonel sought to get the dead doctor a normal burial and as members of his family, his daughter and grandson had to support him in their conflict against the people of Macondo. The book therefore gives accounts of the events from three perspectives; an older man, a young lady and an innocent child. All these descriptions show strong links to Colombia’s political and social history. The narration appears to be set in 1909 (Marquez 2), a period linked with the numerous transformations that occurred in Colombia’s history including the Thousand Day War (1899 – 1902) and the establishment of numerous banana plantations including the United Fruit Company, which became a common entity in most of Latin America in that point in history. These two events came with so many complications and strive that determined the politics of the era. Pelayo(28) identifies three major events in the history of Colombia that are defined subtly through the writings of Leaf Storm. They include: 1. The arrival of the Banana Company 2. The people that the Banana Company attracted (the leaf storm) 3. The end of the Colombian Civil War The Thousand Day War Prior to 1909, the y ear the narration was set, there was a war in Colombia between 1899 and 1902 known as the Thousand Day War. It involved the members of the two major political traditions of the country: the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. The liberals accused the conservatives of retaining power through election fraud and this led to the commencement of a war that saw massive destruction of properties and human lives across the country (Henderson 54). This war was also fueled by economic crises caused by the falling coffee prices on the international market. This trend showed the need for the diversification of the country’s economy by planting other crops like bananas to support Colombia and prevent overdependence on coffee exports. Although Marquez does not refer to the Thousand Day War directly in the book, it can be inferred logically that the 10 or so men who were wounded and demanded treatment from the deceased doctor were involved in that war. Also, they appear to be fighting on the side of the rebels and the dead doctor seemed to be preserving his integrity by abstaining from the treatment of rebels. This clearly shows the extent people went to take and protect their positions in the Thousand Day War. This shows that there were some elites and conservatives who stuck to the ruling government when the war prevailed. This also shows the

Significant event in your life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Significant event in your life - Assignment Example My liking for horses became stronger with every passing day. I repeatedly asked my parents to get me a horse, but they kept giving me the same answer: that a horse was expensive, and that I needed money that I would use to was and feed it. This information almost dashed my hopes of ever riding a horse, let alone owning one. I reverted to my television shows, every day seeing someone on horseback, galloping away. Somewhere deep down in my heart I knew that one day I would ride a horse across the plains and into the jungle. A few years later, on a sunny Sunday afternoon, I was taking a walk in the country. The air was humid and the sky was clear. The strong wind blew dust into my eyes as I turned my eyes towards a group of people gathered in some field. I quickly rubbed my eyes to have a clearer view. On looking, I saw a group of people on horsebacks and in helmets, with a stick that appeared to be a hockey stick, chasing at a ball-like thing. I innocently inquired from a stranger what they were doing, and the stranger whispered the word ‘Polo’. I decided to go back home, excited at hearing a new word which I was sure was connected to the horses that I had just seen. I searched the dusty magazines that my father stacked in the library adjacent to his room. At first, I almost gave up because of the huge piles of books, some of which spread all over the floor. I took a deep sigh and embarked on my search. Almost an hour later, I found an old magazine, tattered at the borders. The magazine was in bad shape; the cover page, which had a woman in a helmet that resembled the ones I had seen the riders in earlier that day, had coffee spilt all over it, some pages were missing from the inside and some were folded at the edges. I dusted it off and looked inside. That was my first encounter with Polo. Since that day, I always talked about Polo with every chance I would get. I kept saying to my friends that I wanted to play Polo

What does it mean to be a human Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What does it mean to be a human - Essay Example Religious elites have on the other hand come up with contradictory argument on the origin, traits as well as development of human species (Lee 3). However, despite the existence of various conflicting ideas and views about the concept human, scholars have come into a consensus on some of the main traits of human. There are some scholars who hold the perception that, the current definition of basic concepts human lacks some very essential transformation that are brought about by emerging technological development(Martin Luther King 23). In addition, modern researchers and critical thinkers have as well condemned the current information on human as being shallow and inconsistent. This therefore means that the knowledge on human is a very essential aspect in describing human growth and development. Most of the accessible information regarding human cannot stand the test of time. However, despite being inadequate, there is sufficient information to describe the concept human. The subsequ ent essay will therefore describe the meaning of human. What Makes Us Human? At its basic description, being human is being born with physical appearance and traits that defines their interaction with others. By referring to this definition, being human is the act one being born into the continuous community of human being. Despite having, the characters that are used to define human being, researchers and other social thinkers have as well come up with other traits that can be used to describe human. For a starter, human must understand moral principle and standards of happiness and wisdom. Every peaceful society is defined and identified by specific moral and principles. Therefore, to be categorised as human, one must demonstrate the understanding and effective utilisation of the existing moral and ethical issues. Secondly, social life is a very essential aspect that defines the concept human. In this case, social life is used to describe one interaction with other members of the society. Modes of communication, social role and responsibilities, social expectations, social roles and regulations as well as social beliefs are some of the core aspects that describe one social life. Other social aspects that are used to describe human social life entails eating pattern and habit, means of taking care of infant and new borne, means of building social networks with community members and members of other societies and acceptable means of interacting with the environment(Lee 7). Thirdly, language is a very essential factor that define peaceful community. Language is described as the main means of enhancing communication in the society. Therefore, for an individual to qualify to be human he or she ought to understand some of the basic signs and symbols that enhance effective communication in a society. On the other hand, researchers have claimed that, communication signs and symbols play a very essential role in determining the manner in which human being live and op erate in the society. Language and other communication and interaction symbols as well offer new ways and means of coping with the unpredictable changes in the environment. In addition, human is defined by one’s human capacity to peaceful community and happiness. Compared to other creatures in the universe, human being is presumed to have the highest level of brain capacity to interact and communicate with others. The memory capacity of an effective and complete human is as well expected to be high and functional. Based on the accessible scientific researches and theories, as human being encounter new social, economic, cultural, and

Office for Budget Responsibility

Office for Budget Responsibility Office for Budget Responsibility The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) is an executive non-departmental public body of HM Treasury.[i] It was established in 2010 to provide independent and authoritative analysis on the sustainability of the UK’s public finance.[ii] The Office was placed on a statutory footing through the Budget Responsibility and National Audit Act 2011. This statutory right grants OBR full access to all Government information relevant to its analysis together with the Treasury’s macroeconomic, forecasting and analytical models.[iii] George Osborne’s intention was to restore public faith in official economic and fiscal forecasting when a run of persistently overoptimistic projections for public borrowing under previous governments has undermined the Treasury’s credibility.[iv] Contents: Structure Main Responsibilities Relationship with UK Government Criticism and Controversies Future of OBR Further Reading References Structure The Office consists of a Budget Responsibility Committee (BRC), an Oversight Board, an Advisory Panel of economic and fiscal experts, and 18 permanent civil servants. The BRC is chaired by Robert Chote and include Steve Nickell CBE and Graham Parker CBE. They carry out the core functions within the office and have full discretion over the scope and nature of its judgements on the forecasts. [v] OBR’s Oversight Board saw the inclusion of two non-executive members into office. They monitor and assess the effectiveness of OBR’s operational and governance arrangements.[vi] Main Responsibilities The 4 main tasks outlined in the Parliamentary Legislation: To publish at least two five-year fiscal and economic forecasts each year which includes the likely impact of any tax and spending measures announced by the Chancellor. (Economic and Fiscal Outlook) To assess whether the Government is on course to meeting the fiscal targets that it has set itself and the possible risks that may be involved. (Economic and Fiscal Outlook) To scrutinize and comment publicly on the Treasury’s costing of tax and welfare spending measures. (Forecast Evaluation Report) To analysis and report on the health of the public sector’s balance sheet and the long term sustainability of the public finances on existing policies[vii] (Fiscal Sustainability Report) It differs from other economic forecasters and agencies, because the OBR is more focused on using variables such as nominal GDP and its component in explaining public finances[viii] and it provides ex-ante projections rather than ex-post audits of expenditure. [ix] Relationship with UK Government A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) establishes a transparent framework for cooperation between the OBR and HM Treasury, the Department of Work and Pensions and HM Revenue and Customs.[x] It sets out the working relationship between each body based on three guiding principles of accountability and transparency, effective co-ordination and regular information exchange.[xi] This memorandum, however, does not constitute a legally binding agreement[xii]. The OBR is funded via Grant-in-Aid from HM Treasury’s supply estimate, which is subject to Parliamentary control. The OBR agreed a four year, flat cash funding allocation of  £1.75 million per year with the Treasury during the 2010 Spending Review.[xiii] Criticism and Controversies Despite the OBR’s stance of full transparency around its analysis and projections[xiv], some have questioned its credibility. When the OBR got embroiled in a complicated row about government employment forecasts, it raised doubts about just how independent it really was.[xv] The creation of the OBR was seen as a modest institutional change since control over fiscal policy remains firmly in the hands of the Chancellor.[xvi] The credibility of the OBR regarding it’s accuracy have also been under attack constantly. When the OBR admitted that its forecast on the economy’s size in 2015 was out by  £65billion[xvii], Treasury Select Committee member Jesse Norman commented on the â€Å"illusion of technocratic expertise† in the OBR and predictions often involve â€Å"a very high level of guesswork†.[xviii] Former Monetary Policy Committee member David Blanchflower have also criticized the OBR’s growth forecasts in the 2012 Budget submission, to be too â€Å"widely optimistic† and citing that the OBR have frequently needed to revise downwards from its initial forecast.[xix] The OBR’s assessment over the estimated policy impact has also, in some instances, undermined currently enacting policies such as those relating to immigration in UK.[xx] Future of OBR OBR has played an increasingly important role in assessing the Government’s performance in other areas. OBR is undertaking additional responsibilities related to the welfare gap, assessing and opining on government’s performance against the cap and whether the relevant spending is forecast to stay within the cap.[xxi] In December 2013, Current Shadow Chancellor Ed Balls announced his belief that OBR should play an important role, not just for the current government but for prospective governments.[xxii] He proposed the OBR to take up the role of assessing Labour’s tax and spend policies before the next General Election in 2015. [xxiii] The role of the OBR has increasingly been compared with similar independent fiscal institutions such as the US Congressional Budget Office (CBO).[xxiv] Colin Talbot, Chair of Public Policy and Management at University of Manchester, believes that by undertaking this additional role, it will potentially make financial debates during elections more factual based. [xxv] Andrew Tyrie, Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, added that it will â€Å"enhance the quality of debate on tax and spend†.[xxvi] Former Number 10 Policy Unit special adviser Dan Corry, similarly, argues that getting the OBR to cost Labour’s policies ahead of the election wou ld be a step forward for UK democracy.[xxvii] But this will require a change in the governing Charter of Budget Responsibility. [xxviii] However, some people have denounced this proposal stating the fear that OBR may end up being abused and used as a political tool. Word Count: 879 (Excluding Further Readings and References) Further Readings List of other similar fiscal watchdogs: Swedish Fiscal Council Report 2013 The role of Australia’s Parliamentary Budget Office The World’s Oldest Fiscal Watchdog: Netherlands Bureau for Economic Analysis Case Studies of Fiscal Councils – Functions and Impact Other areas which has required OBR expertise 4G spectrum auction UK Swiss tax agreement Anti-avoidance measures References [i] https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-for-budget-responsibility. Retrieved 22 February [ii] Official Office for Budget Responsibility Website [iii] Memorandum of Understanding between Office for Budget Responsibility, HM Treasury, Department for Work and Pensions and HM Revenue Customs, April 2011 [iv] The new forecaster in chief, The Economist, 9 September 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2014 [v] Examination of the forecasts prepared by the interim Office for Budget Responsibility for the emergency Budget 2010, 22 June 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2014 [vi] Office for Budget Responsibility’s Annual report and accounts 2011-2012, 19 June 2012 [vii] Memorandum of Understanding, April 2011 [viii] Office for Budget Responsibility’s Economic and fiscal outlook, March 2012 [ix] Independent Fiscal Institutions: Developing Good Practices by George Kopits [x] Memorandum of Understanding, April 2011 [xi] Memorandum of Understanding, April 2011 [xii] Memorandum of Understanding, April 2011 [xiii] Letter from Robert Chote to Lord Myners â€Å"Re: Costs and staff arrangements at the Office for Budget Responsibility†, October 2011 [xiv] Office for Budget Responsibility’s Annual report and accounts 2011-2012, 19 June 2012 [xv] The new forecaster in chief, The Economist, 9 September 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2014 [xvi] â€Å"The new forecaster in chief†, The Economist, 9 September 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2014 [xvii] Wintour, Patrick (6 December 2011), â€Å"OBR attacked by MPs over economic forecasts†. Guardian (UK). Retrieved 22 February [xviii] Wintour, Patrick (6 December 2011), â€Å"OBR attacked by MPs over economic forecasts†. Guardian (UK). Retrieved 22 February [xix] Blanchflower, David (22 March 2012), â€Å"David Blanchflower: The OBR’s credibility is in tatters†. The Independent (UK). Retrieved 22 February [xx] Kirkup, James (14 January 2014), â€Å"Immigration has a positive impact, says Office for Budget Responsibility head†. The Daily Telegraph, Retrieved 22 February [xxi] Letter from George Osborne to Robert Chote, 3 December 2013 [xxii] Letter from Ed Balls to Robert Chote, 22 September 2013 [xxiii] Johnstone, Richard (23 September 2013), â€Å"Labour proposes OBR scrutiny of spending plans†, Public Finance, Retrieved 22 February [xxiv] Von Trapp, Lisa (7 June 2011), The Role of Independent Fiscal Institutions, Budgeting and Public Expenditures Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [xxv] Talbot, Colin (24 September 2013), â€Å"Balls, Budget and OBR-plus†, Public Finance, Retrieved 22 February [xxvi] Watt, Nicholas (15 October 2013), â€Å"Andrew Tyrie confirms support of Ed Balls’ plan for monitoring spending†, Guardian (UK). Retrieved 22 February [xxvii] Corry, Dan (26 September 2013), â€Å"OBR audit: don’t expect miracles†, Public Finance, Retrieved 22 February [xxviii] Letter from Robert to Ed Balls, 23rd September 2013

David The Great :: essays research papers

Creative Writing: A Hero Adventure David the great was a true hero, I will now tell you why, he went through all of the events that heroes go through such as a departure, initiation and return. He also was a national figure, he led the Romans to victory in war and was well known by all, and was also forced to leave his family in time of need knowing he may never return to see them. So here is the story of David the great. It all started when the Cyclops was released onto the earth from his underground cell and started to torment the world and was destroying city after city until David the great and his loyal army were called upon to stop him. But he was reluctant to leave, for he had just been married to his wife and were expecting a child, and knew he may never see his family ever again. But David knew he should go, for so many lives were at stack not only his own, the people of Rome were also at risk, the giant Cyclops was running wild through the city destroying anyone and anything in his path. So David left for Rome for he knew it was his mission to go and battle the Cyclops with his great army and save the Romans from certain doom. So he left with his army after the tough good bye for Rome. On his way to Rome, David stopped at the temple of Wisdom ,who was the god of knowledge, and asked him how to kill the Cyclops. Wisdom told David that the only way to k ill the Cyclops was to stab him in the eye so he could not see. So David left for Rome and when he and his army got to Rome they saw the destruction that the Cyclops had unleashed onto the city, the buildings were all torn down in heaps of rubble and fires had started in some parts of the city. So David and his army wasted no time and went for the Cyclops, but the Cyclops just picked up the men and ate them like they were little action figures. And then David was the only one left and he and the Cyclops froze for a second when there eyes met, so in all of his rage, the Cyclops picked up a vendor’s cart and hurled it like it was a small rock.

Praise

Professional practice-rewards and sanctions essay The use of praise within the primary classroom will use this essay to analyses the effective and destructive often harmful use of praise as a reward system within the primary classroom. Firstly it is important to explain what a reward system actually is In terms of a primary classroom, According to the universal Dictionary, (19981†² a reward is â€Å"something given or received in recompense for worthy behavior†.A reward system therefore, is a system adopted by either a class teacher, adult or as a whole school ethos for the delivery of rewards or positive academic or social behavior during the school day. From experience, the reward scheme does not have to finish at the end of the school day and can extend into what children achieve during their own time, whether this is through commendations or simply through public use of praise, perhaps in an assembly, as a form of verbal reward.All reward systems are based around the principal of two forms of praise; these are either extrinsic motivators; these tend to be based around variations of the token economy, or intrinsic motivators. Praise as a system in its own eight falls into the intrinsic motivators category as there is no extrinsic or token reward' physically given to the children. â€Å"Intrinsic motivation occurs when we act without any obvious external rewards. We simply enjoy an activity or see It as an opportunity to explore, learn and actualities our potentials. † Con et al (2010).Praise is a crucial part of all reward systems whether intrinsic or extrinsic, but praise can be a reward system on its own. When praise is used as a reward system within a primary school classroom, according to Sutherland, et al (2002) â€Å"praise is positively related to Intrinsic motivation among students† which Is linked directly to the SHE strands of the National Primary Curriculum and the idea of fostering a culture of intrinsic motivation to ac hieve both academically and within normal social parameters is a cornerstone of primary education.Sutherland argument can be applied to the theory of praise as an Intrinsic reward system, suggesting praise may be a practical method by which to nurture a self-perpetuating cycle of growth, reinforcement and self-worth amongst primary school aged children. Sutherland argument is given rather vigor by Trustees, (2008) who suggested â€Å"a ratio of 4:1 positive to negative feedback has an optimal effect on students learning and behavior†, however according to Episcopate, J, et al (201 1), â€Å"little research has examined the effects of training teachers to provide specific ratio of praise to behavior correction within the classroom setting. Trellis's reasoning does seem to make logical sense and other research does reach similar generic conclusions. Usual (2008) recommended a ratio of six or eight positive to one negative within adult-student interactions, which is an embellis hment of Trellis's theory. Before the government draw up new plans to train all adults within the classroom to work towards these ratios, it should be considered that more research Into the effectiveness and also practicality of these ratios needs to take place.Within the primary classroom setting the practical application of ratios for positive to negative comments is potentially unfeasible and targets which would in effect render the praise worthless as a becomes more of a token gesture rather than an intrinsic reward for a Job well done. Sutherland argument for praise being used to develop intrinsic motivation within children of the remarry age bracket, relies upon positive reinforcement which has to be implemented by the class teacher using a best practice model, with a high ratio of praise-to-behavior correction technique.Clinics-Ross et al, (2008) states that â€Å"classrooms in which teachers use higher rates of reprimand and other reactive strategies tend to have higher rat es of student miss-behavior. † This demonstrates how praise is far more effective a tool that reprimand within behavior management of a primary classroom. Furthermore, as the earlier ratios imply, reprimands can be far more damaging to a child's self-esteem and academic confidence then even over SE of praise.If reprimands are used too often this could possibly lead to children becoming disengaged with learning and also foster lack of self-belief within children. Teachers need to be consistent with their approach to praise. According to Cooley, S (2001) there are basic rules to behavior management which includes consistency as well as others†¦ â€Å"Be definite ‘l know what I want. ‘ Be aware ‘l know what will happen if I don't get what I want. ‘ Be calm and consistent ‘l am always fair and consistent with you. ‘ Give them structure ‘I know where we're going. ‘ Be positive you're doing great!These rules, when applied to the classroom environment along with goal setting to increase the chance for praise and performance, will give teachers the opportunity to use praise effectively to manage behavioral expectations and academic achievement within their classroom. In order to use praise effectively however, there are other considerations that the teacher must apply to each individual class, and undeniably each individual child. Conceivably the most important consideration is that children need to Want' to receive praise. Without this ‘need', praise is an ineffective reward.Potentially there are various reasons why children might not want to receive praise from a class teacher or indeed any other adult in the classroom. According to Docking, J (2002) â€Å"the age of the child, whether the recipient is a boy or a girl, whether the praise is for work or conduct, and with the teacher is in charge of a whole class or Just a small group or an individual† are all variables that could hypothetically lead to praise not working as a reward for an individual child's behavior, or actually being totally or partially ineffective as a behavioral management technique.According to Brakeman, E et al (2013)†¦ Many adults use praise as 'emotional nourishment' for children, in an attempt to help children feel better about themselves. Adults might therefore be especially likely to praise those children who seem to need it the most – children with low self-esteem. † This strategy could have unexpected side-effects for any child with low self-esteem, whether that be directly or indirectly related to his or her academic achievement.Brakeman goes on to discuss in his study how children with low self-esteem are, when exposed to a specific type of praise, potentially predisposed to feeling ashamed following allure. Evidently any child feeling any feelings of inferiority, shame or vulnerability as a direct result of praise being used, would be highly counter-productive within the mind adults need to exercise caution when selecting the correct type of praise for the individual child.A teacher will have the choice to differentiate between two distinct types of praise that could impact each child in very differing ways, both positively and negatively. Of the two types of praise the first is person praise, (praise for personal qualities or directed towards children's abilities) and the second type of praise is recess praise, (praise directed towards a child's effort). Brakeman states that â€Å"person praise contributes to a self-perpetuating downward spiral of self- derogation. This demonstrates that, in children with low self-esteem, the link between praise and conditional regard could be a self-replicating issue in that the more praise the receive the more they will avoid it. This is linked with Gamins & Deck, (1999) â€Å"Person praise may trigger these children's feelings of conditional regard and consequently makes them feel unworthy following failure. à ¢â‚¬  With this in mind, praise when used as a general reward system could potentially lead to a detrimental undermining of some children self-esteem, thus undermining the very nature of a reward system.This point is not to say that teachers should not praise children. In actual fact the research of Hindering & Leper (2002) suggests that process praise is actually beneficial for children's academic motivation. This point is also made by Mueller & Deck (1998) â€Å"praise for effort may help children persist in the face of academic failure. † The general agreement between the different research papers is that any adults issuing praise needs to carefully consider the individual before making any public or indeed private praise.This theory seems to be related directly to the idea of process praise as discussed by Brakeman et al. There is a large proportion of academic research and Journal articles that points towards using process praise in a responsible manner to great effect within the primary classroom. Process praise is described within the literature as to being highly beneficial not only in promoting good academic results, but also in promoting academic resilience amongst children. Academic resilience is of vital importance so that children learn from their mistakes as opposed to being deterred by them.This appears to be in contrast to the general consensus centered around person praise, as it is widely regarded as damaging for children, especially those with low self-esteem to be the recipients of too much person praise, as it can lead to a self-perpetuating downward spiral in both their attitude towards learning and their academic progress. This general statement can only be described as true within children who already are predisposed to low self-esteem. The research of Burlingame implies that children with high self-esteem will benefit from both kinds of praise.From experience forever children with high self-esteem are often praised perhaps too frequently, this can lead to an almost extrinsic motivation effect whereby the children see the praise being given as an extrinsic reward thus fostering a completely unintentional ethos within the classroom or indeed the whole school, whereby children expect to be praised and could potentially end up conditioned to only continue working or behaving to a consistently high standard when praise is being handed out periodically by the class teacher.This adverse effect needs to be avoided; teachers should note â€Å"praise, like penicillin, must not be administered haphazardly. Ignition (1965) Another consideration the teachers when attempting to decide how to give indeed an even more desirable effect could be achieved through non-verbal praise. Non-verbal praise could take on the form of a simple smile, a thumbs-up from across the classroom or even a note quietly written on a student piece of work. Non-verbal forms of praise can be highly useful when dealing with children of low self-e steem countering the issues created from person praise.Non-verbal cues also play a crucial role in communication; according to Spark (2013) furthermore they are especially important when interpreting ambiguous verbal messages. As such non-verbal forms of praise and communication are an important tool when differentiating praise as a reward system for individual members of a whole class. Having reviewed the current academic theories surrounding praise as a reward system, looking at both the positives and negatives associated with praise as a system I can draw several conclusions.The first of which is that praise as an intrinsic reward system is key in fostering a culture of motivation to achieve both academically and socially within primary school children. This is drawn from Sutherland research stating that praise is positively related to intrinsic motivation among students†. The counterarguments raised predominantly by Brakeman are also highly compelling, as they appear to co ndemn the use of some aspects of praise.The issues that can arise when praise is used inappropriately within the primary classroom, as well as the unexpected side-effects for children with low self-esteem mean that praise can sometimes have a seemingly paradoxical effect. This is summarized by Spark, et al (2013) who states†¦ â€Å"Blame after failure sometimes leads to the impression that the recipient has a high ability. In contrast praise after success can lead to an inference of lower ability. † Kappa's research links in with the theories of Brakeman because person praise is the style of praise that would be linked to the inference of lower ability.Process praise however, which can be generically given across the different ability groups, has no such inferences. Pomeranian, M et al (2013) also raise an interesting point that seems to condemn praise when used inappropriately†¦ â€Å"The more personal praise mothers used, the more children subsequently held an en tity theory of intelligence and avoided challenge over and above their earlier functioning n these dimensions† far from praise encouraging children in their attempts to challenge and better themselves, person praise appears to detrimentally affect children's academic drive.If Pomeranian, M is to be believed then all teaching and support staff should adopt a system whereby praise is used sparingly and also in a manner that avoids person praise. Furthermore, process praise should be used throughout the class without highlighting different ability groups. In this manner the paradoxical effect discussed by Spark could be avoided. In practice the literature seems to suggest that simply using praise on its own as a reward system is not efficient to develop children's own intrinsic reward systems and develop and ethos of intrinsic motivation both academically and socially.

Albrecht Durer essays

Albrecht Durer essays Artist and Humanist, Albrecht Durer is one of the most significant figures in the history f European art outside Italy during the Renaissance (Gowing 195). Portraying the questioning spirit of the Renaissance, Durer's conviction that he must examine and explore his own situation through capturing the very essence of his role as artist and creator, is reflected in the Self-portrait in a Fur Collared Robe (Strieder 10). With the portrait, Durer's highly self-conscious approach to his status as an artist coveys his exalted mission of art more clearly than in any other painting. He seems to be "less concerned with himself as a person than with himself as an artist, and less with the artist than with the origin and exalted mission of art itself." (Strieder 13). In this self-portrait Durer portrays himself in the guise of the Savior. Durer's natural resemblance to Christ has been reverently amplified (Hutchinson 67). His bearded face is grave, and fringed by lustrous shoulder-lenth hair painted in a dark, Christ-like brown (Russell 89. Scholars have called attention to the fact that, the portrait was intended to portray Durer as the "thinking" artist through emphasis on the enlarged eyes and the right hand. Duere's use of the full-face view and almost hypnotic gaze "emphasizes his belief that the sense of sight is the most noble of the five senses." He wrote in the Introduction to his Painter's Manual, "For the noblest of man's senses is sight... Therefore a thing seen is more believable and long-lasting to us than something we hear" (Hutchison 68). The position of the right hand held in front of his chest is almost as if in blessing (89 Russell). Joachim Camerarius, a professor who published a Latin translation of two of Durer's books, wrote of Durer's "intelligent head, his flashing eyes, his nobly formed nose, his broad chest," and then noted: "But his fingers- you would vow you had never seen anything more elegant" (Rus...

Beowulf to Batman essays

Beowulf to Batman essays True Blue Revolutionaries or Tired Beowulf Reruns Beowulf to Batman: The Epic Hero and Pop Culture by Roger B. Rollins compares the design of the epic poetry to the design of todays pop culture. The epic poem refers to Anglo-Saxon poems such as Beowulf. Pop culture refers to movies, shows, and comics of today such as Batman and Spiderman. The main point of Rollins essay is to show the significance of epic poetry to the modern day pop culture. He does so by showing the connections between the two, and the similar purposes the stories serve. One basic similarity that Rollins mentions is Neither epic poets nor the creators of pop culture are true revolutionaries.(2) Different plots, heroes, villains, and other details make the stories appear to be new and innovative. Though the heroes, villains, and story lines are never the same, it is apparent that the same basic recipe is used to create each different story. The main ingredients for these stories are actually quite simple; first a level cup of Good versus Evil. Then a ja r of fighting for righteousness and apprehending the wrongdoer.(1) And of course a nice finishing coat of Good or Evil also known as value satisfaction. Add a little pinch imagination and two tablespoons of creativity, and a healthy helping on interesting details and there you have if an epic poem or a pop romance. Good versus Evil is incorporated in virtually every epic poem and pop romance. The hero in each story is represents good he is the embodiment of what the average citizen should strive to be. These heroes represent the Good; they are usually honest, clean, upright respectable people an archetype for the model citizen should be. The Good also represents what we would like to be. For example they can be extremely intelligent like Batman, outrageously handsome like James Bond, or amazingly strong and brave like Be ...

Treatment of Older People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Treatment of Older People - Essay Example Generally nurses are legally held responsible for their practice and they are also accountable for it. For instance, to practice as a registered nurse lawfully in the United Kingdom, the nurse is bound to hold a up-to-date and valid registration given by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). The Health Provision Act demands that standards of practice as well as the code of ethics should be assumed by a professional according to Chitty (2005). The ethical practice of nursing in the UK demands that nurses who have been registered with NMC should practice with respect, honesty and integrity while complying with the NMC code of ethics. Secondly the registered nurse is supposed to report unskilled practice of nursing or any unprofessional conduct by any person to the right person, professional body or relevant agency. Thirdly, the registered nurse works towards saving and enhancing the rights of the patients to privacy, autonomy, respect, dignity as well as to access of information. Th e registered nurse should also adopt responsibility to ensure a professional and therapeutic relationship with patients. Furthermore, the registered nurse advocates for environment that possess an organizational as well as individual support systems. The environment should also have resource important to competence, safe and ethical nursing practice. Nurses sustain principles of equity and fairness which are required by the legal system so as to assist people to get share of health services and resources equal to their needs while promoting social justice. It is illegal for nurses to discriminate while providing nursing care whether on basis of culture, race, social, and ethnicity, marital or religious beliefs among others. The legal system requires that nurses should consider fair allocation of resources which is under control and based on individual needs of those under care as suggested by Brent (2001). Nurses are required by the legal system to put into first consideration the i nterest people under their care. This involves assisting people and groups to gain access to the right healthcare of their choice. It is upon the nurses to advocate for appropriate and ethical care at the community and organizational level. This is achieved through participating in development, implementation and the continuous review of policies as well as procedures which provide quality care for individual. It is according to the legal system, that nurses should uphold health policies as well as decision making procedures that are steady with prevailing information and research. There is the need for nurses to advocate for fairness as well as inclusiveness in allocation of health resources. The legal system also holds it that nurses should be aware of the general health concerns including environmental issues, violation of individual rights, violence, world hunger and homelessness among others. Role of nurses in health policies The role of the nurses in health policies is guided by their expertise as well as their healthcare knowledge on the basis of training, experience and practice. According to the policy it is their responsibility to ensure honesty and ethics in their practice. The nurses have the responsibility of exerting a considerable control over the health care policy, the policy makers as well as congress generally. Following the prevailing shortage of nurses it is upon the

SOCIAL NETWORKING AND STUDENT SAFETY BALANCING STUDENT FIRST AMENDMENT Essay

SOCIAL NETWORKING AND STUDENT SAFETY BALANCING STUDENT FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHTS AND DISCIPLINING THREATENING SPEECH - Essay Example ertain nation are capable of governing their own selves but at least, it is of an utmost fact that people always desires for the good and well-being of their own country; hence, the essence of universal suffrage prevails that the people instinctively chooses leaders who will run the nation; leaders who possess the same amount of passion in upholding the welfare of the nation and therefore deserves to take supreme control over the nation. In America, it is very evident from a keen observers eye the results brought about by democracy. There is so much talent that can be found everywhere. There are many people who are more deserving for a seat to supremacy but are not part of the supreme authority. Instead, they are part of the common Tao that work and live a normal life every day and it should be noticed that these are the outcomes in connection to democracys excess over its previous limitations. Democracy is not merely deficient of judgment that is important to choose people that truly deserves their trust, however, almost always have not wished or had the intention to look for them. It is of an undeniable fact that institutions embracing democracy inclines to introduce a sense of jealousy in the heart of each individual; it is not due to the fact that they have all the capacity to rise above everyone elses position as ultimately because these would mean to unnoticeably beset the people who hired them. Democratic bodies enlivens and teaches a desire for fairness which cannot be satisfied at all. The norm of fairness that renders men self-regulating of each other provides them a practice as well as a perception for going along their isolated acts no other controller aside from their own drive. The whole freedom, which they always delight in relative to their peers and in the interactions of personal life, lean towards making them gaze at all power with an envious eye and hastily proposes towards them the concept and the passion of political liberty. A usual bias